Contents
Biography & Historical Record
Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính) was a subordinate general serving under the warlord Lu Bu (吕布, Lữ Bố). According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, he is best known for his role during the final stand of Lu Bu at the Battle of Xiapi. During a skirmish, he fought against the forces of Cao Cao (曹操, Tào Tháo). He is historically noted for his skill in archery and for being a loyal officer under Lu Bu’s command until his death in 198 AD.
Role in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
“The arrow struck me in the left eye!” — Xiahou Dun, after being shot by Cao Xing.
In the novel, Cao Xing is portrayed as a capable archer. During the Battle of Xiapi, he joins Gao Shun (高顺, Cao Thuận) in a counter-attack against the advancing army of Cao Cao. While fighting Xiahou Dun (夏侯惇, Hạ Hầu Đôn), Cao Xing lures him into a trap and fires an arrow, striking Xiahou Dun directly in the left eye. Infuriated, Xiahou Dun pulls the arrow out with the eye attached, consumes the eyeball, and charges at Cao Xing. Xiahou Dun then kills Cao Xing with a spear thrust, ending the archer’s life amidst the chaos of battle.
Cao Xing — Historical & Literary Timeline
The Battle of Xiapi
Cao Xing serves Lu Bu during the siege of Xiapi. He successfully shoots Xiahou Dun in the eye but is immediately slain by the wounded general in retaliation.
Key Relationships
Family
- No information
Friends
- Gao Shun (高顺, Cao Thuận): A fellow general serving under Lu Bu who joined Cao Xing in mounting a counter-attack against Cao Cao’s vanguard during the Battle of Xiapi in 198 AD.
Enemies
- Xiahou Dun (夏侯惇, Hạ Hầu Đôn): His battlefield rival during the Battle of Xiapi in 198 AD; Cao Xing struck Xiahou Dun in the left eye with an arrow, prompting Xiahou Dun to pull out the arrow with his eyeball attached and slay Cao Xing with a spear thrust in retaliation.
- Cao Cao (曹操, Tào Tháo): The opposing warlord whose invading forces Cao Xing fought against while defending Lu Bu during the Battle of Xiapi in 198 AD.
Other
- Lu Bu (吕布, Lữ Bố): His ruling warlord and military commander, whom Cao Xing served loyally as an archer and officer until his death in 198 AD.
In Novel
Chapter 11
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính): One of the eight subordinate generals under Lü Bu (吕布, Lã Bố) at the Battle of Puyang who fought alongside Hao Meng (郝萌, Hách Manh), Cheng Lian (成廉, Thành Liêm), and Song Xian (宋宪, Tống Hiến) to intercept Cao Cao (曹操, Tào Tháo) during his nighttime retreat from the western camp.
Chapter 18
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính): Commanded a division under Gao Shun (高顺, Cao Thuận) at the Battle of Xiaopei; when Gao Shun was pursued by Xiahou Dun (夏侯惇, Hạ Hầu Đôn), Cao Xing shot an arrow that struck Xiahou Dun in the left eye, but the enraged Xiahou Dun pulled out the arrow with the eyeball, swallowed it, and charged straight at Cao Xing, piercing him through the face with a spear.
In History
Year: 196 AD
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính) served under Hao Meng (郝萌, Hách Manh), an officer of Lü Bu (吕布, Lữ Bố). During Hao Meng’s attempted rebellion in Xiapi, Cao Xing refused to join the revolt and instead turned against Hao Meng.
Year: 196 AD
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính) fought Hao Meng during the rebellion. Hao Meng wounded Cao Xing with his spear, but Cao Xing cut off one of Hao Meng’s arms. Gao Shun (高顺, Cao Thuận) then arrived with Lü Bu’s loyal forces, defeated the rebels, and killed Hao Meng.
Year: 196 AD
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính) reported to Lü Bu that Hao Meng had been involved in a conspiracy and named Chen Gong (陈宫, Trần Cung) as a fellow conspirator. Lü Bu did not punish Chen Gong, who was one of his senior commanders, but ordered Cao Xing to take over Hao Meng’s former troops after recovering from his wound.
Historical Status
- Cao Xing (曹性, Tào Tính) was a real historical officer of Lü Bu. The famous Romance of the Three Kingdoms episode in which Cao Xing shoots Xiahou Dun (夏侯惇, Hạ Hầu Đôn) in the eye and is immediately killed by him is a literary expansion and should not be presented as the historical account.











Tào Tính (chữ Hán: 曹性, phiên âm Pinyin: Cáo Xìng) là một võ tướng thuộc phe Lữ Bố (Lu Bu — 呂布) thời kỳ cuối Đông Hán. Ông là một nhân vật có thật trong lịch sử và cũng xuất hiện với một phân cảnh vô cùng nổi tiếng trong tiểu thuyết Tam Quốc Diễn Nghĩa (Three Kingdoms — 三國演義) của La Quán Trung.
1. Thông tin cá nhân & Gia đình
2. Điểm khác biệt lớn giữa Tiểu thuyết và Chính sử
Trong Tam Quốc Diễn Nghĩa (Hồi 18): Trận bắn rơi mắt Hạ Hầu Đôn
Đây là tình tiết khiến Tào Tính trở nên cực kỳ nổi tiếng trong văn học:
Trong Chính sử (Tam Quốc Chí – Anh Hùng Truyện): Người tố cáo phản thần
Trong lịch sử thực tế, vai trò của Tào Tính hoàn toàn khác và ông không hề bị Hạ Hầu Đôn giết trong trận đánh đó:
Cao Xing (onyomi: Sō Sei) is an officer who served under Lu Bu and a subordinate of Hao Meng. He is one of the few generals who stayed loyal to Lu Bu during the events of Xiapi.
Historical Information
Cao Xing was a member of Lu Bu’s army and a subordinate under Hao Meng. He was briefly mentioned in the Record of the Three Kingdoms but was given a longer entry in the historical record, Yīngxóng Jì (英雄記). In 196, Hao Meng decided to rebel against Lu Bu and, not listening to Cao Xing’s pleas to dissuade him, he routed the general and surrounded his castle. Hao Meng was eventually driven back by Gao Shun. Choosing to fight for Lu Bu and not his original master, Cao Xing pursued Hao Meng as he fled. They attacked one another relentlessly and, though he was injured, Cao Xing chopped off Hao Meng’s arm. By this time, Gao Shun caught up with his escapee and relieved his prey of his head.
After the incident, Chen Gong and Yuan Shu accused Cao Xing as a co-conspirator of the rebellion and testified that he should be held accountable for Hao Meng’s actions. After Cao Xing stated that he passionately opposed Hao Meng, Lu Bu yelled at his doubters and praised him. Cao Xing was then entrusted command of Hao Meng’s former troops. He has no other mention in historical records.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Cao Xing served as one of Lu Bu’s main eight generals during the latter’s initial invasion of Cao Cao’s territory and homeland of Yanzhou. During Cao Cao’s invasion of the Xiapi region, Cao Xing was sent to reinforce the defending Gao Shun. After Gao Shun and Xiahou Dun break from their duel, Cao Xing, atop his horse, shot an arrow that pierced Xiahou Dun’s left eye. In retaliation, Xiahou Dun later speared Cao Xing through the face.